General introduction to Physics

Physics is the most fundamental branch of science. It deals with the study of nature and natural phenomenon which are related with the study of properties of matter and energy and their interaction. The word physics is derived from a Greek word whose meaning is 'the nature'. So , it is the study of the laws of nature.

In other words, making formulae of the nature is the physics. The study of the physics of the nature starts from our daily experience. In our daily life, first we happen to observe an event of the nature. Once we observe the event, then we want to know mathematically how the nature works for the observed event. Then we try to search for a mathematical relation which best fits it. Once we find the mathematical model for the event we want to verify it experimentally. We perform experiments and obtain data from them. Then the data so obtained is fitted to the mathematical model. If it suits the model, the model becomes a law of physics.

The study of physics is very vast and scope very wide. In the study of micro objects we study about the electrons, protons, neutrons and even their constituents and stars, planets, galaxies and the universe in the study of macro objects. There is no boundary in the study of physics. It has some fruitful outcome in each study of physics which is used by the society. When the society uses the new outcome of physics it become more advanced than before. If we look around us, we are surrounding the outcomes of physics.

We use microscope as the main tool of biological science which is designed and made according to a simple law of light. There is close connection between practical development in engineering fields and physics. The engineers designed modern bridges, heavy building structure, containers, roads and various types of vehicles by applying law of physics. Principle of thermodynamics is used to design heat engines, refrigerator etc. The knowledge of electricity and magnetism is used to develop huge electrical generator, electronic devices such as radio, television and computers. The knowledge of absorption and emission of electromagnetic energy are used in medicine for the diagnosis of diseases . The study of sound is important to design auditorium, tape recorder, speakers, hearing aids. Similarly, study of ultrasounds leads to greater changes in medical applications. Nowadays, it is common for us to use ultrasound technique to determine the presence of stones on liver and kidneys. Study of light helps doctors to know about the power of lenses required for the patients to be given in order to correct the defect of vision. Research in physics makes possible not only for diagnosis but also treatment of diseases such as nuclear physics researches helps to the treatment of cancer tissues and other illness. It also helps to detect the illegal goods and minimizes criminal activities.

All these fascilities are the outcomes of physics. So we can consider physics as the most fundamental branch of physics.

Branches of Biology

Biology is the study of living organisms that include plants, animals and micro-organisms. There are several special branches or disciplines of botany. Basically there are three branches dealing about plants , animals and micro-organisms . They are as follows:

1.Botany- study of plants

2.Zoology-study of animals.

3. Microbiology- Study of microorganisms.

Besides, these three there are other various branches of biology dealing with the study of respective subjects which are as follows:

1.Morphology- It deals with the study of external features of organisms.

2.Anatomy- It is the study of internal structure of organisms as seen by naked eyes.
3.Histology-Study of functions and minute structure of tissues with the help of microscope.
4.Cytology-It deals with the study of structure and functioning of cells and cell organelles.
5.Evolution-Study of origin of life and evolution to modern plants and animals.
6.Embryology- Study of formation of embryo upto hatching or birth.
7. Physiology- Study of life processes in animals and plants.e.g digestion, respiration,excretion, growth etc.
8. Pathology- Study of diseases.
9. Paleontology- Study of plant or animals fossils.
10. Biotechnology- Study of using techniques to modify the organisms and their products for human benefit.
11. Taxonomy- Study of identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms and its principles.
12. Genetic engineering- Study of producing desireable genotypes by synthesis and combination of different genes.
13. Genetics- Study of hereditary characters and their inheritance.
14. Ecology- Study of relationship between living organisms and environment.
15.Biochemistry-Study of chemistry of living organisms.
16.Molecular biology- Study of nature and arrangement of molecules and their interactions. eg structure and functions of DNA, RNA, proteins, fats, hormones etc.
17.Exobiology- Study of possibility of life in outer space.
18. Applied biology- Study of living organisms concerned with welfare and betterment of mankind.
19. Limnology- Study of fresh water and their inhabitants.
20. Cryobiology- Study of effects of life at very low temperature.
21. Phylogency- Study of evolution of a kind or type of an organ.
Besides all these there are also so many branches or disciplines related to both botany and zoology . Some of the branches related to zoology are given as under
1. Entomology- Study of insects.
2. Ichthyology- Study of fishes.
3. Helminthology- Study of helminth worms.
4. Protozoology- Study of unicellular organisms.
5. Microbiology- Study of micro organisms.
6. Malcology- Study of molluscs.
7. Euthenics- Study of improvement of human race through laws of heredity.
6. Karyology- Study of nucleus.
9. Virology- Study of virus.
10. Herpetology- Study of reptiles.
11. Anthropology- Study of human evolution and culture.
12. Cnidology- Study of coelenterates.
13. Parasitology- Study of parasitic worms.
14. Ornithology- Study of birds.
15. Mammalogy- Study of mammals.
Zoology related to medical science
1. Bacteriology- Study of bacteria.
2. Virology- Study of virus causing diseases.
3. Epidemiology- Study of epidemics diseases.
4. Immunology- Study of defense and resistance against any disease.
5. Helminthology- Study of helminth worms.
6. Parasitology- Study of parasites.
7. Enzymology- Study of enzymes.
8. Hematology- Study of blood.
9. Cardiology- Study of heart.
10. Oesteology- Study of bones.
11.Endocrinology- Study of endocrine gland.

Branches related to Botany

1. Algalogy or phycology- study of algae.
2. Mycology orMycetology- Study of fungi.
3. Zymology- Study of yeas.
4. Bryology-Study of Bryophytes.
5. Pteridology- Study of Pteridophytes.
6. Lichenology- Study of lichens.
7. Bacteriology- Study of Bacteria.
8. Virology- Study of virus.
9. Ecophysiology- Study of physiological adaptation in relation of environment.
10. Economic Botany- Study of plants of economic values.
11. Pomology- Study of fruits.
12. Olericulture- Study of vegetables.
13. Silviculture- Study of development of forest and utilization of it's product.
14. Spermology- Study of seed.
15. Dendrochronology- Study of age of tree by counting annual rings.
16. Pedology- Study of soil.
17. Palynology- Study of pollen grains.
18. Forestry- Study of development and protection of forest.
19. Food technology- Study of processing and preservation of foods, vegetables, fruits and other plant products.
20. Horticulture- Study of improvement of ornamental and fruit yielding plants.
21. Agronomy- Study of crop production and management of crop forms.
22. Agrostology- Study of grasses.

Introduction to biology

There are plenty of plants and animals on this earth. To study them systematically and scientifically, a new branch of science was coined as biology. So, biology is a science devoted to the study of living organisms. The term biology is derived from the combination of two Greek words [bios=life, logos=discourse and knowledge]. Science has progressed by breaking down complex subject of study into their component parts.Today, there are numerous branches of biology some of them are morphology, histology, physiology,ecology,taxonomy,genetics,cytology, anatomy etc.This principle is often called the 'reductionists' principle.It has focused attention on the most elementary forms of matter in living and non living systems.
First scientific study of living organisms was undertaken by a Greek naturalist, Aristotle. So, he is considered as the father of biology.Some other
major contributions in the development of biology were made by Hippocrates [460-320BC] Aristotle [384-322], Theophrastus[370-285], Robert Hooke[1635-1703AD] , Carolus Linnaeus[1707-1778AD], Charles Darwin[1809-1882AD], Mendel[1822-1884AD] and many other biologists.
The two main branches of biology which deal with the different aspects of plant and animal science are

1.Botany [Gr.botane=herbs]
It is the study of plants.
Theopharstus was first to undertake scientific study on plants. Hence, is known as father of botany.
2.Zoology[Gr.Zoon=animal]
It is the science of animal life.
Nowadays, biology is replaced by the term 'life science' or 'biological sciences' due to its multidisciplinary approach. Biology is very vast and complex subject. It has made people aware of its importance; as it helps to understand the structure and functioning of living organisms. It helps us to understand ourselves and other organisms better. It gives answers to such questions which we are curious to know about. By proper utilization of natural resources it helps to meet our needs in a sustainable manner. Advanced knowledge about resources helps in maintaining a balance between exploitation and regeneration. Study of controlling of pollution hazards and solving problems occuring at global level are also included in biology.

Relation between nature and science

Generally nature and science are interrelated to each other in every aspects. Man's knowledge about nature has grown into a variety of sciences. The separation of the natural sciences into physical and biological sciences and physical sciences into physics and chemistry divides a larger body of knowledge into more manageable branches. However the concepts, techniques, and applications of the various sciences are independent.

Chemistry is usually called a natural science because it is concerned with the knowledge of the natural world. It is believed that the word chemistry comes from the Greek word 'Chemia' meaning 'the art of metal working'.It is an active and continually growing science that have vital importance to our world in both the realm of nature and the realm of society.

The branch of science which deals with the study of natural phenomenon is called physics. The word physics in fact' comes from a Greek word whose meaning is 'The nature' . So it is true to say that the physics is the study of the laws of nature.

Biology, being the science of nature' deals the fascinating changes which continuously take place in the living world. It can be considered as the life science.

So, all the nature phenomena are related with the science.